Search Tips
Enter Only What You Need
Use only the search options that you need - leave the others blank.

Upper or Lower Case
You can type upper case or lower case letters.  Capitalization is ignored.

Word Endings
For different word endings, use the ? wildcard.  For example: REDUC?  to find reduce, reduces, reducing, reduction, etc.  Use the # symbol to find words with no more than one character at the end.

Exact Matches
When searching title words, abstract words, subject words, text words or company names, the system automatically looks for variations on phrases that you enter.  For example, Space Travel? will find space travel, space travels and travels in space.  If you want an exact match for a phrase, you can enter hyphens between the words.  For example, Space-Travel? will find space travel and space travels, but not travels in space.

Proximity Operators
(W) Requests that terms be adjacent to each other and in the order specified.  For example, carbon(W)nanotubes.
(nW) Requests that terms be within n words of each other and in the order specified.
(N) Requests that terms be adjacent but in any order.  For example, chemistry(N)physics.
(nN) Requests that terms appear within a specified ?window? in any order.

Combine Search Words
Use AND to find articles containing ALL the words.
Use OR to find articles containing AT LEAST ONE of the words.
Use NOT to exclude articles that contain selected words.
Use Parentheses to group words together when you use different connectors.  For example, radiation and (cosmic or galactic).